In this study, Valentine Opanga (associate researcher Project C03 “Green Futures”) and Prince Guma (Cambridge University) analyse how struggles over green and ungreened spaces in Nairobi’s Pumwani–Majengo settlement drive displacement and deepen inequality, revealing that urban greening is often politicised and used to benefit elites. Using the Situated Urban Political Ecology (SUPE) framework and mixed methods, they demonstrate that disputes over land and green spaces reproduce socio-spatial exclusion rather than serving as neutral public goods.
Contestations Over Space: Urban Greening and Displacement in Pumwani-Majengo, Nairobi
By Valentine Opanga and Prince Guma
Abstract
This paper examines the intersection of urban land appropriation with greening and ungreening in informal settlements, focusing on how internal power struggles drive displacement and exacerbate inequality. Using Nairobi’s Pumwani–Majengo as a case study, the research applies the Situated Urban Political Ecology (SUPE) framework, grounded in environmental justice, to analyse disputes over green spaces. Fieldwork combined semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, life histories, field observations, and archival review with GIS and Landsat-based spatial analysis. Adaptive sampling, reflexivity, and methodological triangulation were used to navigate sensitive contexts and ensure data robustness. Displacement extends beyond physical relocation, severing social, cultural, and economic ties that are vital to resilience. Residents respond through resignation, negotiation, or active resistance. ‘Greening’ and ‘ungreening’ occur simultaneously, politicised and tied to dispossession, enclosure, and green ‘evictions’ that disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, particularly in riparian areas. Land changes create socioeconomic enclaves, privileging wealthier newcomers and marginalising low-income residents. The study challenges the notion of urban green spaces as neutral public goods, showing their appropriation for elite interests, and contributes to debates on environmental governance and land commodification in informal contexts by illustrating how green space disputes reproduce socio-spatial inequalities in rapidly growing cities.
Reference
Opanga, V., Guma, P. 2025. Contestations over space: Urban greening and displacement in Pumwani-Majengo, Nairobi. ERDKUNDE. DOI
